【中国古代发明】记中医药文化发展轨迹 一
前言：
中国是医药文化发祥最早的国家之一，从文明的曙光在天幕上耀映亚细亚大地之时，遍及神州大地的簇簇史前文化篝火，由点到面联接起来，形成燎原之势，逐渐的融化在文明时代的光华之中。从此，中国医药学的文明史开始了。
中国五千年的有文字可考医学史，由于东方文化发展的特色形成的中国独特理论框架，及近现代西方科学的撞击及西医的传入，出现两个分明的层次，在东西方医学交汇中呈现复杂多态的状态。在中国传统医学中，汉族医学的历史最悠久，实践经验和理论认识最为丰富。
中医发源于中国黄河流域，很早就建立了学术体系。中医在漫长的发展过程中，历代都有不同的创造，涌现了许多名医，出现了许多重要学派和名著。中国历史上有"神农尝百草……一日而遇七十毒"的传说，反映了古代劳动人民在与自然和疾病作斗争的过程中发现药物、积累经验的艰苦过程，也是中药起源于生产劳动的真实写照。
早在夏商周时期（约公元前22世纪末--前256年），中国就已出现药酒及汤液。西周（约公元前11世纪--前771年）的《诗经》是中国现存文献中最早记载有药物的书籍。现存最早的中医理论典籍《内经》提出了"寒者热之，热者寒之"，"五味所入"，"五脏苦欲补泻"等学说，为中药基本理论奠定了基础。
现存最早的药学专著《神农本草经》是秦汉时期（公元前221--公元220年）众多医学家搜集、总结了先秦以来丰富药学资料而成书的。本书载药365种，至今尚为临床所习用。它的问世，标志着中药学的初步确立。
在3000多年前的殷商甲骨文中，中国已经有关于医疗卫生以及十多种疾病的记载。周代已经使用望、闻、问、切等诊病方法和药物、针灸、手术等治疗方法。秦汉时期，形成了《黄帝内经》这样具有系统理论的著作。此书是现存最早的一部中医理论性经典著作。张仲景所著的《伤寒杂病论》，专门论述了多种杂病的辨证诊断、治疗原则，为后世的临床医学奠定了发展的基础。汉代外科学已具有较高水平。据《三国志》记载，名医华佗已开始使用全身麻醉剂"麻沸散"进行各种外科手术。
历史发展沿革：
从魏晋南北朝（公元220--589年）到隋唐五代（公元581--960年），脉诊取得了突出的成就。晋代名医王叔和所著的《脉经》归纳了24种脉象。该书不仅对中国医学有很大影响，而且还传到了国外。这一时期医学各科的专科化已趋成熟。针灸专著有《针灸甲乙经》；《抱朴子》和《肘后方》是炼丹的代表著作；制药方面有《雷公炮炙论》；外科有《刘涓子鬼遗方》；《诸病源候论》是病因专著，《颅囟经》是儿科专著；《新修本草》是世界上第一部药典；眼科专著有《银海精微》等等。另外，唐代还有孙思邈的《千金要方》和王焘的《外台秘要》等大型方书。Service Box Type 1
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