慢性青光眼

简介:

       青光眼是一种引起视神经损害的疾病。视神经由很多神经纤维组成,当眼内压增高时,可导致神经纤维损害,引起视野缺损。早期轻微的视野缺损众通常难以发现,如视神经严重受损,可导致失明。尽早地进行青光眼的检查、诊断和治疗是防止视神经损害和失明的关键。

       青光眼的病因――前房是位于角膜之后、虹膜和瞳孔之前的空隙,后房则在虹膜、瞳孔之后,晶状体之前。前、后房内充满了透明的液体,我们称之为房水,房水在前、后房内不断地循环流动,并且不断地生成、排出,使眼压维持在一个稳定的水平。(提醒您注意的是,房水并不是我们泪水的一部分)。

       眼球内是一个封闭的结构,如果房水排出通道一房角阻塞,房水排出受阻,眼内压升高,引起眼球壁压力太大,则导致视神经损害

临床症状:

青光眼的种类主要有四种:先天性青光眼、原发性青光眼、继发性青光眼、混合型青光眼。各种类型的青光眼的临床表现及特点各不相同。

1、急性闭角型青光眼:发病急骤,表现为患眼侧头部剧痛,眼球充血,视力骤降的典型症状。疼痛沿三叉神经分布区域的眼眶周围、鼻窦、耳根、牙齿等处放射;眼压迅速升高,眼球坚硬,常引起恶心、呕吐、出汗等;患者看到白炽灯周围出现彩色晕轮或像雨后彩虹即虹视现象。

2、亚急性闭角型青光眼(包括亚临床期、前驱期和间歇期):患者仅轻度不适,甚至无任何症状,可有视力下降,眼球充血轻,常在傍晚发病,经睡眠后缓解。如未及时诊治,以后发作间歇缩短,每次发作时间延长,向急性发作或慢性转化。

3、慢性闭角型青光眼:自觉症状不明显,发作时轻度眼胀,头痛,阅读困难,常有虹视。发作时患者到亮处或睡眠后可缓解,一切症状消失。此型青光眼有反复小发作,早期发作间歇时间较长,症状持续时间短,多次发作后,发作间隔缩短,持续时间延长。如治疗不当,病情会逐渐进展,晚期视力下降,视野严重缺损。

4、原发性开角型青光眼:发病隐蔽,进展较为缓慢,非常难察觉,故早期一般无任何症状,当病变发展到一定程度时,可出现轻度眼胀、视力疲劳和头痛,视力一般不受影响,而视野逐渐缩小。晚期视野缩小呈管状时,出现行动不便和夜盲。有些晚期病例可有视物模糊和虹视。因此原发性开角型青光眼的早期诊断非常重要,强调对可疑病例作相关检查。

5、先天性青光眼:一般在幼儿或少儿时出现临床表现。如在3岁以前发病,可出现羞明、溢泪、眼睑痉挛和大角膜;3岁以后发病,则可表现为少儿进行性近视。

临床类型:

       青光眼的种类主要有四种:先天性青光眼、原发性青光眼、继发性青光眼、混合型青光眼。各种类型的青光眼的临床表现及特点各不相同。

临床诊断:

       青光眼病人的治疗有赖于准确的诊断。青光眼病人的诊断与其他疾病一样,根据病史、临床表现及检查结果进行综合分析。 对可疑患者,首先应测量眼压。眼压大于3.20kPa(24mmHg)为病理性高眼压,但一次眼压偏高不能诊断青光眼,而一次眼压正常也不能排除青光眼。因为眼压在一日内呈周期性波动。日眼压波动大于1.07kPa(8mmHg)为病理性眼压。正常人双眼眼压接近,如双眼压差大于0.67kPa(5mmHg)也为病理性眼压。其次应检查眼底,观察视盘改变,青光眼的视盘改变具有一定的特殊性,有重要的临床价值。常表现为病理性陷凹,目前普遍采用陷凹与视盘直径的比值(C/D)表示陷凹大小。C/D大于0.6或双眼C/D差大于0.2为异常;视盘沿变薄,常伴有视盘沿的宽窄不均和切迹,表示视盘沿视神经纤维数量减少;视盘血管改变,表现为视盘边缘出血,血管架空,视盘血管鼻侧移位和视网膜中央动脉搏动。此外,眼底检查可观察视网膜神经纤维层缺损,由于它可出现在视野缺损前,被认为是青光眼早期诊断指征之一。

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